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Brazil
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This article is about the country. For other uses, see Brazil (disambiguation).
Brazil (Portuguese: Brasil), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil) /listen (help·info), is a country in South America.[10] It is the fifth largest country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America,[11] the fifth most populous country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.[10][12] Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of over 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi).[10] It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos are part of the Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.[10]
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until its independence in 1822.[13] Initially independent as the Brazilian Empire, the country has been a republic since 1889, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to 1824, when the first constitution was ratified.[13] Its current Constitution defines Brazil as a Federal Republic.[14] The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.[14][15]
Brazil is the world's tenth largest economy at market exchange rates and the ninth largest by purchasing power parity.[16] Economic reforms have given the country new international projection.[17] It is a founding member of the United Nations and the Union of South American Nations. A predominantly Roman Catholic, Portuguese-speaking, and multiethnic society,[12] Brazil is also home to a diversity of wildlife, natural environments, and extensive natural resources in a variety of protected habitats.[10]
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Topography map of Brazil.
Brazil occupies an immense area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior region,[18] sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and the French overseas department of French Guiana to the north.[10] Brazil shares a border with every country in South America, except for Ecuador and Chile. The factors of size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.[18] Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world—after Russia, Canada, China and the United States—and third largest in the Americas; with a total area of 8,511,965 kilometers (5,289,090 mi), including 55,455 kilometers (34,458 mi) of water.[10] It spans three time zones; from UTC-4, in the western states; to UTC-3, in the eastern states, the official time of Brazil, and UTC-2, in the Atlantic islands.[19]
Brazilian topography is also diverse, including hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of Brazil lies between 200 metres (660 ft) and 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation.[20] The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.[20] The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.[20] The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft).[20] These ranges include the Mantiqueira Mountains, the Espinhaço Mountains, and the Serra do Mar.[20] In north, the Guiana Highlands form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina at 3,014 metres (9,890 ft), and the lowest point is the Atlantic Ocean.[10] Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic Ocean.[21] Major rivers include the Amazon, the largest river in terms of volume of water, and the second-longest in the world; the Paraná and its major tributary, the Iguaçu River, where the Iguaçu Falls are located; the Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and the Tapajós rivers.[21]
Climate
Main article: Climate of Brazil
The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale and varied topography, but the largest part of the country is tropical.[10] Analysed according to the Köppen system, Brazil hosts five major climatic subtypes: equatorial, tropical, semiarid, highland tropical, and temperate; ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil.[22] Many regions have starkly different microclimates.[23][24]
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Cyclone Catarina, the first tropical cyclone in the South Atlantic Ocean, formed in 2004
An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season, but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.[22] Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F),[24] with more significant temperature variations between night and day than between seasons.[23] Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.[23] This region is as large and extensive as the Amazon basin but, lying farther south and being at a moderate altitude, it has a very different climate.[22] In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. The semiarid climate region generally receives less than
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