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ایالات متحده آمریکا United states Amrica

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ایالات متحدهآمریکا United states Amrica

حکومت

جمهوری فدرال

عضو

سازمان ملل متحد،پیمان آتلانتیک شمالی ، سازمان کشورهای امریکایی،کنفرانس امنیت و همکاری در اروپا ، گروه هفت ، قرارداد تجارت آزاد امریکای شمالی ، آنزوس

مساحت

9,631,418 کیلومتر مربع

مختصات جغرافیایی

38درجه و 00 دقیقه شمالی و97 درجه و 00 دقیقه غربی

خط ساحلی

19924 کیلومتر

جمعیت

293,027,571 نفر (July 2004 est)

رشد جمعیت

0.92% درصد (July 2004 est)

امید طول عمر

75 سال

پایتخت

واشینگتن

شهر های مهم

نیویورک،لوس آنجلس،شیکاگو،سان فرانسیسکو، دیترویت،بستون،دالاس،هوستون،میامی،آتلانتا،سیاتل،سان دیگو ،فینیکس،دنور،شارلوت،لاس وگاس

زبان

انگلیسی (رسمی) ،اسپانیایی (به عنوان زبان اول ، 6%)

مذهب

کاتولیک رومی ، باپتیست ، متدیست ، لوتری ، یهودی ، ارتودوکس ، پرسبتریایی ، مورمن

واحد پول

دلار امریکا

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An evaluation of completeness of tuberculosis notification in the United Kingdom

اختصاصی از هایدی An evaluation of completeness of tuberculosis notification in the United Kingdom دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

Abstract
Background: There has been a resurgence of tuberculosis worldwide, mainly in developing
countries but also affecting the United Kingdom (UK), and other Western countries. The control
of tuberculosis is dependent on early identification of cases and timely notification to public health
departments to ensure appropriate treatment of cases and screening of contacts. Tuberculosis is
compulsorily notifiable in the UK, and the doctor making or suspecting the diagnosis is legally
responsible for notification. There is evidence of under-reporting of tuberculosis. This has
implications for the control of tuberculosis as a disproportionate number of people who become
infected are the most vulnerable in society, and are less likely to be identified and notified to the
public health system. These include the poor, the homeless, refugees and ethnic minorities.
Method: This study was a critical literature review on completeness of tuberculosis notification
within the UK National Health Service (NHS) context. The review also identified data sources
associated with reporting completeness and assessed whether studies corrected for undercount
using capture-recapture (CR) methodology. Studies were included if they assessed completeness
of tuberculosis notification quantitatively. The outcome measure used was notification
completeness expressed between 0% and 100% of a defined denominator, or in numbers not
notified where the denominator was unknown.
Results: Seven studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified through
electronic and manual search of published and unpublished literature. One study used CR
methodology. Analysis of the seven studies showed that undernotification varied from 7% to 27%
in studies that had a denominator; and 38%–49% extra cases were identified in studies which
examined specific data sources like pathology reports or prescriptions for anti-tuberculosis drugs.
Cases notified were more likely to have positive microbiology than cases not notified which were
more likely to have positive histopathology or be surgical in-patients. Collation of prescription data
of two or more anti-tuberculosis drugs increases case ascertainment of tuberculosis.
Conclusion: The reporting of tuberculosis is incomplete in the UK, although notification is a
statutory requirement. Undernotification leads to an underestimation of the disease burden and
hinders implementation of appropriate prevention and control strategies. The notification systemneeds to be strengthened to include education and training of all sub-specialities involved in
diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis